Medical Theory & Homeopathy
by Dr. Dennis Hudson, OMD

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Basics of Processing
Homeopathy- Scientific Questions
Quantum Physics: Pills vs Liquids
Vanishing Point & The Avogadro Number
The Polymer Chain Theory

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                    Did you know that a mere handful of nitrogen atoms can profoundly change a
            diamond's color from clear to yellow? Or that a tiny amount of carbon changes soft
            iron to hardest steel?
                    So it only takes a little bit of something to make a big difference. Homeopathy is
           like that, too. But before we get into medical theory, let's look at how homeopathic
            drugs are actually made...

Homeopathic drugs are designated by

NAME || NUMBER OF DILUTIONS || DILUTION LEVEL.
Taken together, the number of dilutions and dilution level indicate "potency". just click to order Trelexan^tm

              These designations vary. For example, homeopathic salt (sodium chloride- NaCl)
            might be found on the shelf as natrum muriaticum 6x, or as natrum muriaticum 30c, or
            as natrum muriaticum 10m, or in a variety of potencies. But what do these numbers
            and letters mean? The number indicates the number of times the dilution has been
            carried out, and the letter indicates the strength of each dilution...

An "X" dilution means 1 part drug to 9 parts distilled water.
A "C" dilution means 1 part drug to 99 parts distilled water.
An "M" dilution means 1 part drug to 999 parts distilled water.
An "MM" dilution means 1 part drug to 999,999 parts distilled water.

                        Two main processing elements are involved. Dilution and succussion.
            Succussion is the vigorous shaking or rapping of the container. In the illustrations
            below, using salt as the example.... we take one part from the mother tincture of salt
            and distilled water at far left, and add it to 9 parts of fresh distilled water and succuss
            this mixture to make natrum muriaticum 1x. If we wanted to make natrum muriaticum
            50X, we would repeat this procedure 50 times.
    Note: technically, a "tincture" is an alcohol solution; but in homeopathy, water is often used as
        the solvent, and such an original solution is commonly referred to as a "mother tincture".

NATRUM MURIATICUM
MOTHER TINCTURE
(NaCl and water)

NATRUM MURIATICUM 1X

NATRUM MURIATICUM 2X

NATRUM MURIATICUM 3X

                        Now, it might seem that we could simply take a half-drop of the mother tincture
            and throw it into a swimming pool full of distilled water to make a "10-billion X"
            potency of natrum muriaticum, right? But it doesn't work that way. The twin processes
            of dilution and succussion must be carried out from step-to-step.

                        On the other hand, if we were able to succuss that swimming pool somehow,
            we would be able to make a "1 MMMMM" potency of natrum muriaticum, or something
            like that. And this would not be a very strong homeopathic. Potency depends on level
            of dilution and number of dilutions. But wait--! Don't get potency confused with
            effectiveness. Many very effective homeopathics are often prescribed at very low
            potencies. It's all a question of what the patient needs.

                        Sometimes, the final medicine is sprayed onto tablets and allowed to dry. Also,
            if dealing with a material that is not soluble in water, a different process called
            trituration is used. Trituration involves using a mortar and pestle to grind the material
            with lactose and processing it this way through several "powder dilutions" and
            dissolving the last one in distilled water to make a mother tincture.

                        Okay, that's the general idea. But for simplicity's sake, we left out some
            important information. The NaCl mother tincture is not just a random amount of salt in
            water. It contains exactly one gram-mole-equivalent of NaCl. A gram-mole equivalent
            is, represented in grams, the molecular weight of a substance. In this case, we used
            58.44 grams of NaCl because the molecular weight of sodium (Na) is 22.99, and that of
            chlorine (Cl) is 35.45 (22.99 + 35.45 = 58.44).

                        Now, there's a really interesting point behind all this atomic science.
            Regardless of its molecular weight, every mole of every substance contains exactly the
            same number of molecules. This is called the Avogadro number. So, one mole of
            water, or iron, or salt, or carbon dioxide each contains the same number of molecules.
            But why is this important?

                        Having this information enables us to calculate the exact vanishing point of the
            presence of the mother tincture. That is, we know exactly when we have entered the
            homeopathic ultramolecular range, where there is no longer any presence of the
            original mother tincture. All that remains is an electromagnetic imprint of the mother
            tincture. And that is where your really powerful drugs begin. They aren't always
            appropriate for the particular patient, but may be for others.

The Avogadro number is 6.022 x 10²³ molecules per mole of substance. With a
little math, you can see that the vanishing point for the mother tincture is as follows:

For an "X" dilution, it occurs after 23X
For a "C" dilution, it occurs after 12C
For an "M" dilution, it occurs after 6M

                        This is because at each of these levels, the probable number of remaining
            molecules of mother tincture is "less than 1", and you simply can't have a fraction of a
            molecule- you've either got a molecule or you don't, right?

                        Before we look at the math, there's a slightly mind-bending concept we need to
            absorb. You'll recall that we did not use the entire beaker containing 1 mole of salt
            and then combine that with n parts of fresh distilled water. We instead used one part of
            each solution and added it to n parts of fresh distilled water, right? In other words, we
            intuitively think that the ultramolecular point should occur much sooner than the 24th,
            12th, or 6th, since we are using fewer molecules to perform each dilution. Right?
            Wrong.

                        The fact is, mathematically, it doesn't matter whether we dilute using the entire
            contents of each beaker or only a tiny fraction of each. What's important is that the two
            solutions be always in the same proportion that we intend. For example, if we use only
            1/10th of the 2x solution with 9 times as much fresh distilled water to make the 3x
            solution, you would see that our calculation of the remaining number of molecules is
            still accurate. In other words, it really doesn't even matter how much water you have
            in the mother tincture, as long as you have exactly 1 mole of substance in it (in this
            case, salt). So, here's the math.....

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In our mother tincture of 58.44 grams of NaCl, there are 6.022 x 10²³molecules.
If we take 1/10th of that and dilute it with 9 equal parts of water, we will have...
6.022 x 10²³ 10 molecules in the 1x solution OR, another way to say this is that we would then have only...
6.022 x 10²² molecules in the 1x solution

If we now take 1/10th of the 1x solution and dilute it with 9 equal parts of water,
we will have...
6.022 x 10²³

100 molecules in the 1x solution OR, another way to say this is that we would then have only...
6.022 x 10²¹ molecules in the 2x solution

Continuing in this fashion, the number of molecules in the 23x potency would be...
6.022 x 10²³
100,000,000,000,000,000,000,000
OR, another way to say this is that we would then have only...
6.022 molecules in the 23x solution
We have now reached the ultramolecular threshold
and our next dilution will have less than one molecule,
i.e., a quantum physics "probability of a molecule"

The number of molecules in the 24x potency would be...
6.022 x 10²³
1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000
OR, another way to say this is that we would then have only...
.6022 molecules in the 24x solution

                        Now, you purists who know something about chemistry will immediately point
            out that there are major problems in making (and assigning potencies to)
            homeopathics which are made from very complex substances, such as herbs. The
            problems are: we often don't know all the chemicals that are in a given herb, so
            there's no way to know their molecular weights; and, even if we did know their
            molecular weights, how could we decide which of the many chemicals are the
            important ones (they all are); and, even if we could pick two or three of these
            chemicals as the most important, each would have a different molecular weight and
            we would thus be unable to weigh out a single gram-mole-equivalent (we'd have to
            extract and weigh out a gram-mole-equivalent for each such chemical).

                        Well, in fact many homeopathics are made from herbs and other complex
            substances, and they are assigned potencies. This is based on widely accepted
            methods and standards for dealing with such matters and, although the potencies are
            certainly arbitrary in terms of molecular physics, they do tend to be consistent in terms
            of end products.

So, medically--- What's going on here??

                        Frankly, nobody really knows. But we do know, from millions of cases over the
            last 150 years, that these drugs have very powerful, consistent, and predictable effects.
            However, some tantalizing facts and medical theories have been advanced to explain
            the effects of homeopathic drugs. What I want to do here is present some of this, and
            then give my own opinion.

THE "PLACEBO THEORY". This idea holds that the effects of a homeopathic drug can be explained by psychology. The person is given a fake medicine, and because they "believe" it will work, it does.

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MY OPINION. This silly notion has been discredited many times in a couple of ways. Horses, mice, cats, birds, dogs, and other animals have been used in studies of homeopathy and are successfully treated every day with it. The "placebo effect" cannot operate with animals because they don't understand they're being given a drug. The drug is put in their food; they eat it; they get better. Also, it is well known to physicians in every discipline that the so-called placebo effect exerts no more than a 15-25% enhancement effect on recovery in most patients, i.e., it rarely explains full recovery.
And, if placebo effect is so powerful, why is it that "real" drugs often don't work? I mean, psychologically speaking, a trip to the hospital should be pretty powerful, don't you think? You go to a big, gleaming building; there, everybody is bowing down to some "high priest" in a white coat; this high priest prods you, pokes you, sucks out some of your blood, sniffs your urine, sticks you inside some futuristic machinery to look inside you, then gives you this drug with a name you can't pronounce. And, heh-heh, it doesn't work! So, with all that psychological influence, what happened to the placebo effect?

"POLYMER CHAIN THEORY". In 1967, scientists G.P. Barnard and J.H. Stephenson* proposed a fascinating theory of why homeopathics work. It is similar to the Quantum Theory below, but more precise. They suggested that the mother tincture may exert a field effect on the solvent during succussion, producing giant chains of water molecules (a type of polymer). Each mother substance would naturally create its own unique polymeric shape. This structure is communicated from one potentization to the next. Then, at the cellular level, the body recognizes the polymer and acts accordingly.

MY OPINION. I like this theory. It appeals to the rational mind, and I think it has the best chance of eventually being proved to be the truth. Right now, however, proof is lacking.
The credible explanation of homeopathy requires three things: it must be shown to be effective, clinically (already done); the molecular mechanism of potentization must be unraveled; and the biological means by which the body recognizes the drug must be elucidated.

*The Complete Book of Homeopathy, 1989, by Weiner & Goss, p. 128, Avery Publishing Group, Inc., New York, citing Stephenson & Barnard, "Microdose Paradox: A New Biophysical Concept", from Journal of the American Institute of Homeopathy, Sept-Oct 1967, vol. 60, pp. 277-286.

"QUANTUM THEORY". This theory has several versions, each having to do with the fact that atoms and molecules emit specific electromagnetic frequencies. The theory speculates that the vibrations of one type of molecule permanently alter the vibrations of other types of molecules in the solution, especially when the molecules are forced into temporary close proximity by the succussion process. This change in frequency, the theory goes, is somehow recognized by the body as a particular signal to do some specific things.

            MY OPINION. I like this theory, too. But I don't think it goes quite far enough. Let me explain (and support) this "Quantum Theory" a little better...
            We know, for example, that a tiny bit of a catalyst can cause a chemical reaction to proceed which would not otherwise have occurred. There aren't enough molecules of catalyst in such reactions to touch every single molecule of the reactants. But, "somehow" (nobody really understands how), the catalyst "makes" the reaction occur.
            We know also that a tiny bit of one molten metal in a relatively huge amount of another molten metal can profoundly alter the final product. Tungsten, for example, is a rather brittle metal. But add a smidgin of carbon and- presto!- you've got armor plate, or a very superior cutting tool called tungsten carbide.
            Okay. Relatively speaking, that's like having an entire city made of tungsten houses- except for a few hundred houses made of carbon. How is it that these few carbon houses have such an effect on all those other tungsten houses? It would seem that the carbon houses must alter the vibrations of the tungsten houses to make them bond together more tightly.
            Another example is the way that light itself behaves. One type (or vibration) of light can interfere with another to create an entirely new kind of light (colors, holograms, etc.).
            So this "Quantum Theory" idea seems very reasonable and scientific. But what I'd like to add to it is something I call the echo effect. If you stand in a room with carpeting, furniture, and heavy draperies, and talk to someone--- your voice is very muted, right? That's because all those soft surfaces absorb the sounds you make. But if you empty the room down to the hard floor and walls, your conversation can be heard clearly throughout the house. The hard surfaces provide a true reflection of the sound.
            But, if a dozen people start talking in the hard empty room, it's very difficult to understand a single word, right? That's because all those true reflections of sound are interfering with one another to create a gibberish sound (like blue and yellow light creating green light). On the other hand, if someone in the room speaks in a completely different pitch from the others, it's easy to make out what they say.
            In homeopathic processing, what you have at first (let's say at 1x or 2x) is quite a lot of the mother tincture molecules in water. These all vibrate at the same rate, and this creates interference, or gibberish. But at, say, 22x, only a few mother tincture molecules remain. Now they can be "felt" very clearly by the surrounding water molecules because their "voices" no longer mutually interfere as much, and they are speaking in a different "pitch" from the water molecules. And the voices of the water molecules do not interfere with the mother tincture molecules because they are of a totally different frequency.
            So the mother tincture molecules are, in effect, speaking in a huge echo chamber. Their vibrational effect is thereby transmitted much more strongly to the water molecules, which is why higher potencies have deeper effects than lower ones.

An Interesting Argument For
Why Homeopathic Pills Can't Possibly Work
(they do work, but here's the argument)

"THE NO LONGER LIQUID ARGUMENT". This argument states that, even if a liquid homeopathic actually works, it can't possibly work when put into pill form because all of the liquid has evaporated.

            MY OPINION. Okay. Setting aside for a moment the fact that pills do work, I have to admit that this is a very challenging argument. The pill powder is not succussed with the liquid- it's usually just sprinkled onto the pills and allowed to dry. So there's no potentizing going on, is there? So why do they work?
            First, as mentioned above concerning catalysts, NOBODY UNDERSTANDS WHY THEY WORK, EITHER. Nevertheless, catalysis is an accepted scientific "fact". My point is, our ignorance of the universe does not stop the universe from working.
            It may be that the homeopathic liquid, before it evaporates, makes a permanent electromagnetic impression on the the lactose molecules from which the pills are made. But why should this be? It kind of suggests that if we gently pour an ounce of a homeopathic liquid into a swimming pool of fresh water, it would (through diffusion or "Brownian motion") convert the entire pool into a homeopathic drug equal in potency to the original drug. And that simply does not happen.
            Hmmm. Is there something "special" about lactose? Or sugar (also used in homeopathic pillmaking)? Well, we do know for a fact that certain substances cannot be potentized: water, lactose, and alcohol. So maybe the lactose is special somehow. But that leaves sugar unexplained, because it can be potentized into a drug.
            I think I like my first idea best. The drug simply leaves a permanent impression on whatever substance it contacts, whether it's sugar, lactose, or even salt crystals. The evaporative process is very complex and involves other factors besides the mechanical ones of temperature, humidity, and atmospheric pressure. There are here certain quantum issues...
            After all, it takes a certain amount of energy for a water molecule to go drifting off from a surface and out into space. And that amount of energy varies, depending on the chemical composition of that surface. For example, certain chemicals are known to be hydrophilic or deliquescent. They attract and retain water molecules. It takes much more energy for water to free itself from them than it does from other chemicals.
            Given that fact, we realize that a kind of quantum-level "bonding" occurs between water and everything it "wets". Research physics bears this out: even smooth steel that has been "wetted" with water undergoes a quantum-level bonding with the water (search the web for "tribology", i.e., the study of friction). This effect is so strong that it actually increases the friction between two smooth steel plates.
            At this level of interaction, the activity is scarcely distinguishable from an ordinary "chemical reaction". The distinction is only that it is presumed to be a "reversible" reaction. But, homeopathically, we know that part of the reaction is permanent. In any case, what's involved is a very intimate interaction between the water and the substance it contacts. And that's my answer to the "No Longer Liquid" argument.
           As for the swimming pool issue I posed above-- it's a red herring. Even if you gently stir the ounce of homeopathic around in the pool, the number of innocent water molecules it will contact is very limited, relatively speaking... kind of on the scale of the number of collisions per year between planets and comets in our solar system. And that's completely different from potentizing the swimming pool by shaking it and causing collisions, or shaking the solar system. :-)

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