So firstly, here is information from Ron Wyatt on his chronology (be sure to visit his web site and find out about his marvelous discoveries : http://www.pilgrimpromo.com/WAR/index.html

Biblical Chronology

(First published in Newsletter # 7, April 1994)

We felt it was important to provide you with a copy of our Biblical chronology since there are so many different ideas as to Biblical dates. We have simply taken the information given in the Bible and pieced it together. We spent a great deal of time and research on this chronology and do not claim it to be perfect. We have taken into consideration the dates arrived at by scholars, such as Thiele; we have taken into account the 3 year error in our present calendar- see article in this newsletter.

(this is an error...no 3 year error...see section 40...Christ born 1 bc)

The Bible does not give a continuous line of dates to work with. But the information is there. In some cases, dates must be arrived at by going backwards from known dates. In these cases, it is still possible to determine if the date is accurate by checking it with other Biblical information. Below, we have explained how we arrived at the date of the Exodus, which was more difficult to ascertain.

Date of the Exodus

Between Joseph's death and Moses' birth, we have a void of information- we cannot determine the exact number of years between these two events unless we find another point of reference to work from. There is one Biblical date which we believe to be absolutely confirmed- one which gives us a firm basis on which to work backwards from. This is the destruction date of Jerusalem by Nebuchadnezzar in 586 BC.

Edwin R. Thiele, in his book "THE MYSTERIOUS NUMBERS OF THE HEBREW KINGS" gives a most thorough evidence of the accuracy of this date by Babylonian records which can be astronomically verified. We highly recommend this book for a full explanation.

In order to arrive at the date of the Exodus, we took this date of 586 BC and added to it the years of the kings of Judah after Solomon. These years of reign totalled 345. (586 + 345 = 931) This brings us to the last year of Solomon's reign, 931 BC. Since we know Solomon reigned 40 years, this means his 1st year would have been 970 BC. Note, that in counting years of reign, we must be sure and count the first year. To say he ruled from 971 to 931 is incorrect, even though you are adding 40 years to his last year of reign, 970. You must subtract 1 year from your total to take into account the first year.

With his first year of reign as 970 BC, this would place his 4th year at 966 BC- the year he began work on the temple. And it is from this date that we arrive at another date, the date of the Exodus: 1 KI 6:1 And it came to pass in the four hundred and eightieth year after the children of Israel were come out of the land of Egypt, in the fourth year of Solomon's reign over Israel, in the month Zif, which is the second month, that he began to build the house of the LORD.

Of note: here, unlike above where we had to be sure and count Solomon's 1st year of reign, 970 BC, as year one, in figuring the next date, we do not do this in the same manner. The above scripture states in the 480th year "after" the children of Israel were come out".... Therefore, we count the first year after they came out as year 1. To arrive at the date, we simply add the entire 480 years ....

The Biblical date of the Exodus is now established- the children of Israel came out of Egypt exactly 480 years before Solomon began work on the temple in 966 BC., or in 1446 BC. Keep in mind that this, as all dates, are approximate but we believe they are within a 3 or 4 year margin.

The 3 Year Error in our Calendar

It is common knowledge that when the calendar we use today, based on the BC/AD system, was developed, it contained a known 4-year error. In the 6th century AD, a dispute in the early church as to the correct date of Easter resulted in the development of this calendar. Prior to this, the early Roman calendar was in use. This was based on dates as occurring relative to the founding of Rome, AUC,- "ab urbe condita", which means "from the founding of Rome".

Dionysius Exiguus, a monk of Sythian birth, resident in Italy, invented our current calendar which relates all events in years prior to or after Christ's birth- BC, (before Christ) and AD (anno Domini, which means, "in the year of our Lord"). By studying the old records, Exiguus reckoned the date of the birth of Christ to have occurred in 754 AUC, but this proved to be in error. In fact, based on the earlier calendar, Christ's birth is proved to have occurred at the latest in 750 AUC because of the fact that Christ was born during the time of Herod the Great, who died in this year.

Therefore, in simple terms, here is the result of the new calendar. Exiguus placed all dates in relation to Christ's birth, which he called year "1 AD". Events one year prior to this were called 1 BC (1 year before Christ). There was no year "0", lessening the error by one year. However, because of this miscalculation of the date of Christ's birth, our calendar does not present an accurate picture:

Exiguus' DatingTrue DatingDateTrue Date4 BCChrist born1990------------->19933 BC3 BC1991------------->19942 BC2 BC1992------------->19951 BC1 BC1993------------->1996Christ born 1 AD1994------------->1997

This information relating to the true reckoning of the calendar to the birth of Christ is very important and the evidence on which it is based- the death of Herod the Great- is solid. The error in time was discovered soon after the Exiguus developed the calendar, however it still went into effect. The following information on Herod the Great is from the 1985 Encyclopaedia Britannica, under "Chronology": "Somehow Dionysius reckoned the birth of Christ to have occurred in 754 AUC; but the Gospels state that Christ was born under Herod the Great-, i.e., at the latest in 750 AUC .... Nevertheless, it has continued in use to the present day, and as a result, the Nativity is reckoned to have taken place in or shortly before the year 4 BC, when Herod died."

As for the knowledge of the date of Herod the Great, his life is extremely well documented, especially in the detailed information furnished in the Jewish History of Josephus. Herod's association with other well-know and well documented historical figures, such as his life-long friend, Mark Antony, give us precise information as to the dating of his life events and his death. This next quote is from the same encyclopaedia, under "Herod the Great": "In his last years, Herod suffered from arteriosclerosis. He had to repress a revolt, became involved in a quarrel with his Nabataean neighbors, and finally lost the favor of Augustus. He was in great pain and in mental and physical disorder. He altered his will 3 times and finally disinherited and killed his firstborn, Antipater. The slaying, shortly before his death, of the infants of Bethlehem was wholly consistent with the disarray into which he had fallen. After an unsuccessful attempt at suicide, Herod died at Jericho at the end of March or beginning of April in 4 BC. His final testament proved that, subject to Augustus' sanction, his realm would be divided among his sons .... "

There is another thing which we must consider. In 1650, when James Ussher calculated the chronology of the Old Testament, he reckoned the creation of Adam to have been in 4004 BC- exactly 4,000 years before the birth of Christ. If Exiguus' calendar had been calculated correctly, the creation of Adam would have been in 4000 BC; the birth of Christ in 1 AD, and today's date would be 1997. In 3 years, we will reach the 6,000 year mark- and for those who believe this is significant, time is shorter than we think.

BIBLICAL CHRONOLOGY

Time begins- creation of Adam (Chronology given in Genesis 5)4004 BCAdam 130 yrs at birth of Seth3874 BCSeth 105 yrs at birth of Enosh3769 BCEnosh 90 yrs at birth of Kenan (Cainan)3679 BCCainan 70 yrs at birth of Mahalalel3609 BCMahalalel 65 yrs at birth of Jared3544 BCJared 162 yrs at birth of Enoch3382 BCEnoch 65 yrs at birth of Methuselah3317 BCMethuselah 187 yrs at birth of Lamech3130 BCAdam dies at 930 yrs3074 BCEnoch taken to heaven at 365 yrs3017 BCSeth dies at 912 yrs2962 BCLamech 182 yrs at birth of Noah2948 BCEnos dies at 905 yrs2864 BCCainan dies at 910 yrs2769 BCMahalalel dies at 895 yrs2714 BCJared dies at 962 yrs2582 BCLamech dies at 777 yrs2353 BCMethuselah dies at 969 yrs2347 BCNoah 600 yrs at time of the Flood (Genesis 7:11)2348 BCArpachshad born 2 yrs after Flood (Genesis 11:10)2346 BCArpachshad 35 yrs at birth of Shelah (Chronology given in Genesis 11:10-32)2311 BCShelab 30 yrs at birth of Eber2281 BCEber 34 yrs at birth of Peleg (Division of the earth)2247 BCPeleg 30 yrs at birth of Reu2217 BCReu 32 yrs at birth of Serug2185 BCSerug 30 yrs at birth of Nahor2155 BCNahor 29 yrs at birth of Terah, Abraham's father2126 BCPeleg dies at 239 yrs2008 BCNahor dies at 148 yrs2007 BCNoah dies at 950 yrs1998 BCTerah 130 yrs at birth of Abraham1996 BCReu dies at 239 yrs1978 BCSerug dies at 230 yrs1955 BCAbraham 75 yrs when he leaves Haran (Genesis 12:4)1921 BCAbraham 86 yrs when Ishmael born (Genesis 16:16)1910 BCArphaxad dies at 438 yrs1908 BCDestruction of Sodom & Gomorrah when Abraham is 99 yrs old (Genesis 17:21-25)1897 BCAbraham 100 yrs at birth of Isaac (Genesis 21:5)1896 BCShelah dies at 433 yrs1878 BCAbraham called by God to offer Isaac- this event marks the beginning of the prophecy of the 430 years. The next verses tell us that the "law" meaning the law of sacrifices and the Mosaic Law, was given 430 years after the covenant with Abraham: GAL 3:17 And this I say, that the covenant, that was confirmed before of God in Christ, the law, which was four hundred and thirty years after, cannot disannul, that it should make the promise of none effect. 18 For if the inheritance be of the law, it is no more of promise: but God gave if to Abraham by promise. This promise, or covenant, had been given to Abraham earlier, but it was only when he was faithful in his willingness to offer Isaac to God that it was confirmed. Here, the Lord tells that it was at this time that the promise or covenant was ratified: GEN 22:16 And said, By myself have I sworn, saith the LORD, for because thou hast done this thing, and hast not withheld thy son, thine only son: 17 That in blessing I will bless thee, and in multiplying I will multiply thy seed as the stars of the heaven, and as the sand which is upon the sea shore; and thy seed shall possess the gate of his enemies; 18 And in thy seed shall all the nations of the earth be blessed; because thou hast obeyed my voice And at this time, when the covenant was ratified, the prophecy of 400 years, given in Gen 15:13, begins: GEN 15:13 And he said unto Abram, Know of a surety that thy seed shall be a stranger in a land that is not theirs, and shall serve them; and they shall afflict them four hundred years;. This 400 years is included in the 430 years of the next passage: EXO 12:40 Now the sojourning of the children of Israel, who dwelt in Egypt, was four hundred and thirty years. 41 And it came to pass at the end of the four hundred and thirty years, even the selfsame day it came to pass, that all the hosts of the LORD went out from the land of Egypt, However, be sure and note that the Scriptures do not say that they will be held in bondage in Egypt for 430 years- it says that their "sojourning" was for 430 years. From the time the covenant was ratified by Abraham's obedience in being willing to offer his only son, until the Exodus was exactly 430 years. The earlier passage said that for 400 years they would: 1- be strangers in a land not theirs, 2- that they would be subject to, or serve, the nations in which they dwelled, and finally, 3- they would be afflicted. They were in fact only in Egypt from 1706 BC until 1446 BC, or 260 yrs.1876 BCIsaac 40 yrs when he marries Rebekah (Genesis 25:20)1856 BCIsaac 60 yrs when Jacob and Esau born (Genesis 25:26)1836 BCAbraham dies at 175 yrs1821 BCEber dies at 464 yrs1817 BCJacob 91 yrs when Joseph born (Genesis 41:46,47; 45:6,9,10; 47:9)1745 BCJoseph sold by his brothers at age 17 yrs (Gen. 37:2)1728 BCIsaac dies at 180 yrs1716 BCJoseph promoted to 2nd in authority to pharaoh at age 30 yrs (Genesis 41:46)1715 BCJacob 130 yrs when comes to Egypt to live (Genesis 47:9)1706 BCJoseph dies at 110 yrs1635 BCMoses born1526 BCMoses flees from Egypt at age 40 yrs1486 BCTHE EXODUS1446 BCMoses dies at 120 yrs (Deu. 34:7)

Joshua succeeds Moses at age 81 (Joshua 14:10) Entry into Promised Land1406 BCJoshua dies at 110 yrs (Joshua 24:29)1377 BCPeriod of the JudgesSaul becomes Israel's first king (Acts 13:21) and reigns for 40 yrs1050 BCDavid becomes Israel's 2nd king and reigns 40 yrs (samuel 5:4,5)1010 BCSolomon becomes Israel's 3rd king & reigns 40 years (1Kings 11:42)970 BCConstruction begins on the temple in Solomon's 4th year (1Kings 6:37)966 BCSolomon'a reign ends & Israel Is divided into Israel & Judah931 BCKINGS OF ISRAEL/td> KINGS OF JUDAHJeroboam rules 22 yrs930-909 BCRehoboam rules 17 yrs930-913 BC

Abijah rules 3 yrs913-910 BC

Asa rules 41 yrs910-869 BCNadab rules I yr909-908 BC

Baasha rules 24 yrs908-885 BC

Elah rules 2 yrs885-884 BC

Zimri rules 7 days884 BC

Omri rules 12 yrs884-873 BC

Ahab rules 22 yrs873-852 BCJehoshaphat rules 25 yrs (4 with ASA)873-848 BCAhaziah rules 2 yrs852-851 BC

Joram rules 12 yrs (co-rules with 2 above)857-845 BCJehoram rules 8 yrs 5 with Jehoshaphat)853-846 BC

Ahaziah rules 1 yr845 BCJehu rules 28 yrs844-818 BCAthalia rules 7 yrs844-838 BCJehoahaz rules 17 yrs818-802 BCJoash rules 40 yrs838-799 BCJehoash rules 16 yrs802-786 BCAmaziah rules 29 yrs (2 with Joash)800-772 BCJeroboam II rules 41 yrs (13 with Jehoash)798-758 BCUzziah rules 52 yrs (25 with Amaziah)796-745 BCZechariah rules 6 months758 BC

Menahem rules 10 yrs758-748 BC

Pekahiah rules 2 yrs747-746 BC

Peka rules 20 yrs (2 with Pekahiah)747-728 BCJotham rules 16 yrs (2 with Uzziah)747-731 BC

Ahaz rules 16 yrs (8 with Jotham)739-723 BCHosea rules 9 yrs/ISRAEL (Northern Kingdom) CONQUERED by Assyria & CEASES TO EXIST727-719 BCHezekiah rules 29 yrs (3 with Ahaz)725-697 BC

Mannasseh rules 55 yrs696-642 BC

Amon rules 2 yrs641-640 BC

Josiah rules 31 yrs639-609 BC

Jehoahaz rules 3 mos608 BC

Jehoiakim rules 11 yrs608-598 BCBEGINNING OF CAPTIVITY OF JUDAH (Southern Kingdom) DANIEL TAKEN TO BABYLON605 BC

Jehoiachin rules 3 mos597 BC

Zedekiah rules 11 yrs.597-586 BCISRAEL INTO BABYLONIAN CAPTIVITY586 BCNebuchadnezzar destroys the temple586 BCPersian general, Cyrus, takes Babylon. Darius now Persian ruler of Babylon537 BCDarius dies. Cyrus king- frees Judah at end of 70 year captivity (began 605 Bc) with his decree535 BCUsurper king Artaxerxes (Smerdis) stops newly begun work on temple In Jerusalem521 BCDarius King521 BCDarius yr 2- he issues decree for work to resume on temple520 BCDarius yr 6- the temple is finished516 BCArtaxerxes king463 BCArtaxerxes yr 7- he issues decree which gives Jerusalem & the Jews the ability to have almost completely autonomous rule. Provided for reestablishment of the Jewish economy as dictated by God.457 BCArtaxerxes yr 20- Nehemiah appointed governor of Judea/goes to rebuild wall which was in poor condition.444 BCArtaxerxes yr 32- Nehemiah begins 2nd term as governor of Judea432 BCDarius Nothus king. Biblical record of the priesthood ends with this king's reign. Last Biblical prophets end at this time. Biblical "silence" until Gospels.408 BCBIRTH OF CHRIST4 BCChrist begins His ministry on earth which Is devoted to the Jewish people alone.Fall, 27 ADThe Crucifixion of Jesus Christ, the MessiahSpring, 31 ADThe Gospel Is taken from the Jews to the GentilesFall, 34 ADDestruction of Jerusalem by Titus70 ADEnd of 6,000 years since the creation of Adam1997/8 AD

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CHRONOLOGY B.C. 10,000-601

This HTML version of the text documents compiled by Paul Harvey (http://www.kfu.com/~pharvey) was prepared for The Seraphim Files with Mr. Harvey's permission. Common/Conversion/Christian Era (ce) is used for Anno Domini (A.D.) and Before Common/Conversion/Christian Era (bce) for B.C. Last revision by Paul Harvey 26 April 1996.

10,000: Neolithic Age: Ice Age glaciers retreat; Mediterranean climate (dry summer) develops, also in California, SW Australia, Chile, SW Africa; deserts appear in subtropics; domestication of plants, animals, earth, humans, in E Mediterranean, SE Asia, Mexico; world population c.3 million

8000: Copper Age: began in E Mediterranean; world population c.5 million

7000: Jericho walled (30 hectares=74 acres) & tower built with flint tools

6800: Jarmo, Kurdistan: earliest known neolithic village?, Emmer wheat; 1947

6000: Ubaid period: villages in Akkad/Uri & Sumer/Kiengir, wheel invented

5500: copper smelted from malachite in Persia

5000: maize & bean cultivation in Mexico

4800-3600: Pan-p'o, China: Yang-shao culture; millet, pigs, red painted pottery, weaving, writing; earliest known neolithic site in China; 1952

4500-3500: Uruk period of Sumer: Eridu (12h), Ur (10h), Uruk (70h); writing; temples: Al Ubaid & Janna @Eridu, White @Uruk; Mes-Kalam-Dug tomb near Ur

4000-1700: Mohenjo-daro, Pakistan: Indus valley; wheat, barley, cotton, horses, buffalo, cattle, writing (undeciphered); 1922; Chanhu-daro, Harappa

3761: Oct 7: year 1 of Jewish calendar: year of creation (1 a.m.= 1 anno mundi)

3641: Feb 10: zero (origin) in Mayan calendar

3600: Bronze Age: began in E Mediterranean; world population c.85 million

3600: Troy I (Hisarlik, Turkey) founded; 1870

3400: 1st Dynasty: Menes (Narmer?) united Egypt, founded Memphis, myth?, earliest Egyptian hieroglyphic writing, white painted pottery

3100-2500: Archaic Sumerian Cuneiform literature, Semitic invasion

3000-2200: Early Minoan: on Crete, pictographic writing; 1878

3000-2200: Old Kingdom of Egypt: Isis & Osiris resurrection cult, 12-month 365-day alendar without solar/lunar adjustment, libraries; Zoser & Imhotep built 1st step pyramid, at Saqqara, 61 meters tall; Snefru built 1st true pyramid at Dashur, conquered Sinai & copper mines; Khufu (Cheops) built Great Pyramid at Giza, 137 meters tall; Khafre built 2nd Great Pyramid & Great Sphinx at Giza; Menkaure built 3rd & last Great Pyramid at Giza, Ra sun god temple at Heliopolis; Pepi's papyrus "Instructions to a Son"

3000: potato cultivation in Peru; world population c.100 million

3000: Huai-an, China: Ch'ing-lien-kang culture; paddy rice, sheep, dogs, pigs, cattle; 1951; also Lung-shan of Ch'eng-tzu-yai: black & white pottery; 1928

2900: Fuxi (Fu Hsi): 1st Chinese King, civilized, yin/yang, myth? [Shu ching]

2800: Etana of Kish united Sumerian city-states Kish, Uruk, Ur, Sippar, Akshak Larak, Nippur, Adab, Umma, Lagash, Bad-tibira, Larsa after "Great Flood"; myth?; base 6 & 12 numbers, metal coins

2750: Tyre: founded by Phoenicians, also Sidon & Byblos [Herodotus]

2630-2600: Men-barage-si: King of Kish (Kishi), disarmed Elam on east border

2600: Gilgamesh: King of Uruk, "built the walls", Epic of Gilgamesh (see 1200)

2500-2300: Classical Sumerian Cuneiform literature: largely records of Lagash

2500-2300-2205: Yao - Shun: 2nd & 3rd Chinese emperors, myth? [Shu ching]

2494-2465: Ur-Nanshe: King of Lagash, border fights with Umma

2480-2461: Mes-Ane-pada: King of Ur, also "King of Kish" = controlled Sumer?

2466-2455: Akurgal: King of Lagash, son of Ur-Nanshe, lost ground to Umma

2454-2425-2405: Eannatum - Enannatum: Kings of Lagash, sons of Akurgal

2450-1850: Early Akkadian (Akkade) Cuneiform literature

2421-2410-2401: Elulu - Balulu: Kings of Ur

2404-2375: Entemena: King of Lagash, dug irrigation canal to Tigris river ...

2400-2391: Shagkush-anna: King of Ur, "Priest King of Sumer, King of Nation"

2400-2391: Gish-Shag-ki-dug: King of Umma

c2400: Mari Tablets: Cuneiform

2380-2361: Lugal-kinishe-dudu: King of Umma, control. Ur & Uruk, Lagash treaty

2351-2340: Uru-inim-gina (Uru-Ka-gina): King of Lagash, reforms, early law?

2350: town of Ai destroyed & abandoned (Hebrew 'ay:H5857 implies 'a ruin')

2350: Ebla Tablets: from Tell Mardikh in NW Syria, largest single find of 3rd millennium bce Cuneiform texts; discovered 1974

2340-2316: Lugal-zage-si: King of Umma, sacked Lagash, "King of the Countries"

2340-2315: Sargon: King of Akkad, conquered Sumer, "King of the Four Quarters"

2315-2307: Rimush: King of Akkad, reign of terror, raided Elam, assassinated

2306-2292: Manishtusu: King of Akkad, lost southern Sumer, assassinated

2300-2000: New Sumerian Cuneiform: Akkadian (Semitic) becomes dominant, Akkad & Sumer mapped, Ishtar & Inanna cult, lunisolar 12-month calendar of alter- nating 29/30 days each beginning on new crescent plus annual adjust to solar

2300: Enheduana: Ur High Priestess, Sargon's daughter, 1st named author, hymns

2291-2255: Naram-Suen: King of Akkad, Sumer & Elam, "The Mighty One", deified

2217-2193: Shar-kali-sharri: King of Akkad, lost Elam, raided Gutium, assassinated.

2205-1767: Xia (Hsia) dynasty: China, Yu the Great?, Erlitou palace?, bronze, lunisolar calendar (Hsia-li), 5-tone music scale, equinox & solstice calc.

2200-1500: Middle Minoan: on Crete, snake & bull cults, mother-goddess, dying god Zeus Kretagenes (dies & born again), olive cultivation, Palace of Minos at Knossos, Phaistos, Mallia, Zakro, base10 numbers with Linear-A script

2200: Troy II: sacked in Great Fire, c.80x80m, rich walled coastal trade town

2189-2169-2154: Dudu - Shu-Turul: Kings of Akkad, controlled Sumer, decline

2155-2142: Ur-Baba: King of Lagash

2148-2147: La'arab: King of Gutium, conquered Akkad from east, raided Sumer

2141-2122: Gudea: King of Lagash, "Cylinders of Gudea", son-in-law of Ur-Baba

2133-2113: Utu-hegal: King of Uruk, defeated foreign Gutium dynasty in 2130

2112-2095: Ur-Nammu: King of Ur, "Laws of Ur-Nammu": 1st extant law code

2094-2047: Shulgi: King of Ur, son of Ur-Nammu, northwest wall against Dedanum

2046-2038-2029: Amar-suena - Shu-Suen: Kings of Ur, sons of Shulgi, Mardu wall

2040-2000: Pharaoh Mentuhotep III: founded Middle Kingdom (2040-1792) at Thebes: 24 sign alphabet, 24 hours/day, sun-star-water clocks, Edwin Smith Papyrus of medicine & surgery, "Story of Sinuhe", "Book of the Dead", knotted ropes of 3-4-5 right triangle ...

2028-2004: Ibbi-Suen: King of Ur, son of Shu-Suen, invasions, crop failures...

2000-600: 1st of 7 periods of Chinese literature

2000-1970-1935: Pharaohs Amenemhet I - Sesostris I

2000: horse riders invaded from central Asia: Scythians, Centaurs, Satyrs ...

1935-1903: Pharaoh Amenemhet II: mines in Nubia & Sinai, contact with Crete

1934-1924: Laws of Lipit-Ishtar of Sumer

1903-1887: Pharaoh Sesostris II: Fayyumic depression converted to farm land

1900-1595: Amorites (Mardu) rule Akkad & Sumer (North & South Babylonia)

1900: Laws of Eshnunna of Babylonia

1887-1849: Pharaoh Sesostris III: invaded Canaan, fortified Nile 2nd cataract

1849-1801-1792: Pharaohs Amenemhet III - Amenemhet IV

1822-1763: Rim-Sin: King of Larsa, Sumer; conquered by Hammurapi (Hammurabi)

1813-1781-1741: Shamshi-Adad I - Ishme-Dagan I: Assyrian Kings; Amorites

1800-1300: Stonehenge: near Salisbury, England; pre-Druidic

1792-1750: Hammurapi of Babylon: King of united Babylonia, Marduk cult, Zodiac

1758: Laws of Hammurapi (Hammurabi): "eye for an eye" ...

1749-1712: Samsuiluna: Babylonian King, battled with Kassites, Sealand ...

1655-1570: Egypt defeated & ruled by Semitic Hyksos "Shepherd Kings"

c1650: Hattusilis I: King of the Hittites, founded Hittite Empire (c1650-1200)

1600-1100: Mycenaeans: of mainland Greece, Palace of Mycenae, Linear-B script

1595: Mursilis I the Hittite sacked Babylon ending Hammurapi (Amorite) dynasty

1595-1157: Kassites (mountain peoples?) ruled Babylonia (Akkad & Sumer)

1568-1545: Pharaoh Amasis I: overthrew Hyksos, founded New Kingdom (1568-1085)

1554-1045: Shang dynasty: China united, c28 Kings, Yellow River plain, Anyang, Cheng-chou, silk, proto-porcelain, Yin oracle-bones, sun height in relation to incline of polar axis, magic-squares/permutations/right-triangle-formulas

1545-1525-1512-1504: Pharaohs Amenhotep I - Thutmose I - Thutmose II

1525-1510: Telipinus: King of the Hittites

1520, 1470: Santorini, Greece destroyed in major eruptions [Plato's Atlantis?]

1504-1450: Pharaoh Thutmose III: conquered & annexed Canaan, Syria, Sudan

1500-700: Vedic period of Indian Sanskrit lit.: "Rig-Veda", Aryan invasion. (Although these have been traditional references for this span of time, there is now evidence to indicate that there was no such Aryan invasion and that the word "aryan" refers to personality attributes rather than race. In addition, according to reviews by David Frawley and others, there is by now a lot of scientific evidence indicating that vedic culture is much older than previously thought.)

1500-1000: Late Minoan: on Crete, Mycenaean influence, Linear-B script

1500-1200: Akkadian Cuneiform became common language of Near East

1500: Iron Age: by Hittites near Black Sea, "metal from heaven" = meteorites

1500: Medes & Persians invaded Iranian plateau

c1500: Parattarna: 1st King of Mitanni, capital at Washukanni between Hittites & Assyria; Nuzi Tablets: Cuneiform, found near Kirkuk, Iraq

1480-1450: Idrimi: King of Alalakh (Tell Atshanah IV) Syria, Cuneiform Tablets

1450-1424: Pharaoh Amenhotep II: 3 Asian (Canaan & Syria) military campaigns

1424-1417: Pharaoh Thutmose IV: "Conqueror of Haru (Canaan & Syria)", & Nubia

1417-1379: Pharaoh Amenhotep III: height of empire, Babylonian correspondence 14th: Ugarit (Ras Shamra, Syria): 30-sign alphabet using Cuneiform on clay

1390-1355: Tushratta: King of Mitanni (Hanigalbat,Hurrian,Horites), assassinated.

1379-1358: Amarna period of Egypt: Pharaoh Amenhotep IV (Akhenaton), Queen Nefertiti (Smenkhare?), 1st Monotheist?, built capital at Amarna, Cuneiform tablets found in 1887, "Hymns to Aton", Ps 118:22-23?, 'realism' in art ...

1375-1334: Suppiluliumas I: King of the Hittites, height of Hittite Empire, built Emar (Tell Meskene, Syria): Akkadian Cuneiform tablets found in 1972

1374-1360-1333: Kadashman-Enlil - Burnaburiash II: Babylonian Kings

1363-1328: Ashur-uballit I: Assyrian King, founded Assyrian Empire (1363-612)

1358-1350-1327-1325: Pharaohs Tutankhamen - Harmhab - Ramses I

1334-1306: Mursilis II: Hittite King, empire reached Aegean Sea? Syria? ...

1332-1308: Kurigalzu II: Babylonian King, campaigned against Elam & Assyria

1325-1304: Pharaoh Seti I: conquered Libya, Canaan campaigns to check Hittites

1306-1282: Muwatallis: Hittite King, fought with Egypt for control of Syria

1304-1237: Pharaoh Ramses II: period of Hebrew (Egyptian: 'aperu?) Exodus?

1300: ancient site of Jericho abandoned, wall had fallen in 2350

c1300: 1st wave of Hebrew Canaan invasion from Kadesh-barnea by Joshua [Nm 33]

1288: Battle of Kadesh: Egypt v. Hittites, Hittites advanced south to Damascus

1273-1244-1207: Shalmaneser I - Tukulti-Ninurta I: Assyrian Kings;found Nimrud

1269: peace treaty between Ramses II of Egypt & Hattusilis III the Hittite, Egyptian bases at Damascus & Sumur on coast, Hittites just north in Syria

1250-400ce: Olmec culture of Mexico

1250-1200: Lachish, Kirjath-sepher/Debir, Eglon, Hazor, Bethel destroyed

1250: Troy VI: sacked (Homer's Trojan War? Earthquakes? Sea Peoples? ...)

c1250: 2nd wave of Hebrew Canaan invasion from Kadesh-barnea by Leah [Nm 21:21]

c1250: Lachish Bowl: 7 letters of proto-Canaanite left-to-right writing, 1935

1237-1215: Pharaoh Merneptah: plundered Canaan, defeated Askelon, captured Gezer, annihilated Yaro'am (town just south of Lake Galilee): "Israel [male gender, a tribe not a land] is laid waste and his seed is not.", earliest known reference to Israel [Unauthorized Version, R.L. Fox, 1991, p.225-226]

1234: Tukulti-Ninurta I of Assyria sacked Babylon, took golden Marduk god

1219: Sea Peoples: attack Egypt; Libyan, Shardana, Lukka, Teresh, Shekelesh, Ekwesh

1214-1198: period of anarchy in Egypt, perhaps invasions from north? Jg 3:3-10?

1200: Gilgamesh Epic: 12 tablets compiled in Uruk by Sin-liqiunninni (see 2600)

1200: Hittite Empire (c1650-1200) mysteriously disappears (Sea Peoples?)

1200: camel domesticated by fully nomadic Arabian Desert tribes (Bedouin)

c1200: Phoenician alphabet of 22 consonants

1198-1167: Pharaoh Ramses III: last of the great Egyptian Kings

1183: Sea Peoples: attack Ramses in Canaan; ... Tjeker, Denyen, Peleset, Weshesh

1180: Troy VIIa: sacked (Sea Peoples? ...) [walled area c.2x Troy II]

1157: Elam conquered Babylonia, ended Kassite dynasty, took golden Marduk god

c1150: Wen Wang: King of Zhou (western) China, "Count of the West", I Ching?

1146-1123: Nebuchadnezzar I: Babylonian King, reclaimed Marduk god from Elam, Enuma Elish standardized on 7 Tablets in Cuneiform (1876)

c1125: Battle of Deborah: Israel v. Canaan, key battle for Hebrews [Judg 4,5]

1122-771: Zhou (Chou) dynasty of China: western at Hao, eastern at Luoyi, Beijing founded, script fully developed (Chou wen), brush & ink painting

1116-1078: Tiglath-pileser I: Assyrian King, conquered Babylonia but prevented from taking Syria by Arameans who controlled & occupied Syria at this time

1100-400: Chavin culture of Peru

c1100: Izbet Sartah Abecedary potsherd: Old Hebrew alphabet left-to-right; 1974

c1050: Philistines: Peleset Sea Peoples?, settled in Gaza, Ashkelon, Ashdod, Gath, Ekron; defeated Hebrews in Battle of Aphek; sacked Shiloh [1 Sam 4]

1006-1004: Saul: first King of Israel, defeated by Philistines [1 Sam. 11:15]

1004-965: David: King of united Israel, capital/fortress Jerusalem, Ark of Covenant, gained control of "King's Highway" trade route from Damascus to Edom, traded with Phoenicians at Tyre & Sidon, quelled internal revolts

1000-586: 1st period (Classical) of Hebrew literature in Old Hebrew alphabet: Song of Deborah [Jdg 5], Song of Miriam [Exo 15:1-18], Song of Songs ...

1000: Troy VIIb2: Thracian settlement, site abandoned? (rebuilt as Ilion c700)

c1000: King Ahiram of Byblos Sarcophagus Inscription: in Phoenician alphabet 10th: Greek alphabet, Ionians exiled from Greece to Asia Minor where they founded 12 cities including Miletus & Ephesus, Temple of Hera in Olympia; India: steel, 360 day calendar with solar adjustment

UUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU

965-928: Solomon: King of Israel, Jerusalem Temple, "Ten Commandments", height of culture, reign of peace, controlled Via Maris (Sea Road) trade route along Philistian coast, leading trade state between Egypt & Asia Minor, married Pharaoh's daughter, spice trade with Queen of Sheba, sea route from Ezion-geber on Red Sea to Ophir Africa, mines ...

UUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU

945-924: Pharaoh Sheshonk I: founded Libyan Dynasty (22nd, 945-745) at Tanis, harbored Israel's Jeroboam, seeded split [1 Kings 11:40], Jerusalem spared after Rehoboam payed tribute of Temple & Palace treasures [1 Kings 14:25,2 Chr 12:2-9]

934-912-891: Ashur-dan II - Adad-nerari II: Assyrian Kings, wars with Syria

928: united Israel split into Israel & Judah; Ammon, Moab, Edom independent

928-907: Jeroboam I: King of Israel (Northern Kingdom, 10 tribes) [1 Kings 11-14...]

928-917: Rehoboam I: King of Judah (Southern Kingdom, 2 tribes:Judah, Benjamin)

917-908: Abijam: King of Judah, son of Rehoboam, campaigned against Israel

908-867: Asa: King of Judah, son of Abijam [1 Kings 14:31-15:24,1 Chr 3:10, 2 Chr 13-16]

907-906: Nadab: King of Israel, son of Jeroboam [1 Kings 14:20, 15:25-31]

906-883: Baasha ben Ahijah: King of Israel, killed entire Jeroboam family 9th: Babylonian Akkadian Cuneiform becomes common language of Mediterranean; Dorian Greeks invaded Peloponnesus & settled in Corinth; King Menelik I of Ethiopia the son of King Solomon of Israel & Queen of Sheba, myth?

890-884-860: Tukulti-Ninurta II - Ashurnasirpal II: Assyrian Kings; Syrian wars

883: Ben-hadad I King of Damascus sacked Israel for Asa of Judah [1 Kings 15:17-20]

882-871: Omri: King of Israel, Judah & Tyre alliance, founded Samaria in 879

880-844: Aramu: King of Urartu (Armenia); Urartu Tablets in Akkadian Cuneiform

879-842: Ben-hadad II: King of Damascus (Syria, Aram), murdered by Hazael

871-852: Ahab: King of Israel, son of Omri, regained King's Highway, married King of Tyre's daughter Jezebel bringing cult of Melqart & temple to Samaria

859-825-812: Shalmaneser III - Shamshi-Adad V: Assyrian Kings

853: Battle of Qarqar: Assyria defeated by Syrian alliance which included Ahab

851-842: Jehoram: King of Israel, son of Ahab [2 Kings 1:17, 3:1, 5-9,2 Chr 22:5-6]

850: Mesha Victory Stele: stone in Old Hebrew, records victory (attributed to Chemosh god) of King Mesha of Moab against Kings Omri & Ahab, 1868 [cf. 2 Kings 3]

c850: Homer: Greek Epic Poet, pseudonym?, "Iliad & Odyssey"; (Loeb:4v)

849, 848, 845: Assyrian campaigns against Syrian alliance

842-c796: Hazael: King of Damascus; took Ammon, Moab, Edom in 814 ...

842-815: Jehu: King of Israel, with Elisha killed Jehoram,Jezebel,Ahaziah,all Ahab's offspring & followers & destroyed Melqart temple in Samaria [2 Kings 9-12]

814-800: Jehoahaz: King of Israel, son of Jehu [2 Kings 10:35;13:1-9]

814: Carthage: founded by Elissa & Pygmalion of Tyre, myth?

810-783: Adad-nerara III: Assyrian King, sacked Damascus in 796 [2 Kings 13:5]

800-500: Dharma-sutra period of Indian Sanskrit literature: "Upanishads"

800-784: Joash: King of Israel, sacked Jerusalem, raided Temple in 785 8th: High riestess of Thebes, Apollo worshipped at Delphi, Spartan Laws of Lycurgus, Laws of Minos of Knossos; Babylonian 5 & 7 tone music scales; Egyptian fable: "Battle of Head & Belly"; Syria adopts Aramaic

798-769: Amaziah: King of Judah, regained Edom, defeated by Israel [2 Kings 14:7-22]

785-760: Argishti I: King of Urartu (Armenia), founded Erevan in 782

784-733: Uzziah: prince-regent then King of Judah, son of Amaziah [2 Kings 15:1-7, 2 Chr 26:1-3], Yahwist (J) source of Genesis-Numbers (Mosaic Law) written

784-748: Jeroboam II: son of Joash, last important ruler of Israel [2 Kings 14:23], Elowist (E) source of Genesis-Exodus (Mosaic Law), Hosea, Amos, Micah written

776-393ce: Olympic Games: every 4th year at Olympia, women excluded

775 Sep 6: solar eclipse recorded in China

772: Temple of Artemis at Ephesus begun, original burned in 356

771-221: Eastern Zhou (Chou) dynasty of China: Spring & Autumn period to 476, bronze casting perfected, "Quarter-Remainder Calendar" of 365.25 days/year [ssu-fen-li,Ch'un-ch'iu], 2nd period of literature: "Shih ching" (Book of Odes) of 1751-770, "Shu ching" (Book of Documents) history of 3000-630

763 Jun 15: solar eclipse recorded in Ashur, Assyria

753: Rome: founded by Romulus, son of Mars, brother of Remus, raised by she-wolf, myth?, year 1 in 10-month solar calendar (a.u.c.=anno urbis conditae)

747-734: Nabu-nasir: Babylonian King, astrology, "Babylonian Chronicle" begun

745-727: Tiglath-pileser III: Assyrian King, conquered Babylonia, dominant power, captured Damascus in 732, transformed Syria into Assyrian province...

733: Syracuse (Siracusa), Sicily: founded by Corinthian Greeks

730-700: Hesiod: Greek poet, 1st Greek lit. on origins of gods: "Theogony", also "Works & Days", "Shield of Heracles", names the 9 Muses: (Clio:history, Euterpe:music, Thalia:comedy, Melpomene:tragedy, Terpsichore:dance, Erato: elegy, Polyhymnia:lyric-poetry, Ourania: astronomy, Calliope:eloquence) Loeb

728-675-653: Deioces - Phraortes: Median Kings of Iran, at Ecbatana, myth?

727-698: Hezekiah: King of Judah, son of Ahaz, Siloam Inscription in Old Hebrew alphabet in Jerusalem water tunnel c705 [2 Kings 16:20;18-20,1 Chr 3:13,4:39...]

727-722: Shalmaneser V: Assyrian King, son of Tiglath-pileser III, captured Samaria & Israel in 722, expelled Jews, new nation of Samerina [2 Kings 17:3-6]

721-705: Sargon II: Assyrian King, recaptured Babylonia, Syria, Samaria

721-710,703: Merodach-baladan II: Babylonian King, Chaldean, allied with Elam

715-672: Numa Pompilius: King of Rome, added Jan & Feb to Romulus' calendar

712-689: Pharaoh Shabaka: founded Ethiopian Dynasty (Nubian, 25th, 712-663)

705-682: 7th: 1st Isaiah (1-39) written; Greek: Apollo/Dionysus cult, 1st Doric columns in Peloponnesus, 1st Ionic columns on Samos, Acropolis; Murabba'at Palimpsest oldest extant Hebrew papyrus; Aramaic common language of Middle East

690-638: Manassseh: King of Judah, sacrificed his son to Molech ... [2 Kings 21:2-7]

685-645: Rusa II: King of Urartu (Armenia), castle Karmir-Blur, decline ...

685-652: Gyges: King of Lydia, founded Mermnad Dynasty till 546, electrum coin

689-663: Pharaoh Taharka: Ethiopian, aided Jerusalem in revolt against Assyria

683: Athens abolished hereditary kingship, instead Archons served 1 year term

680-669: Esarhaddon: Assyrian King, son of Sennacherib, defeated Taharka in Philistia in 679, conquered Nile Delta region in 671, Assyrian held till 649

669-626: Ashurbanipal: Assyrian King, sacked Babylon in 648 after 4 year revolt, height of empire, golden age of divination, 22,000 clay tablet library

667-648: Shamash-shuma-ukin: Babylonian King, brother of Ashurbanipal

658: Byzantium: founded by Greeks from Megara, renamed Constantinople in 330ce

655,522: 1st recorded sun measurements by gnomon, by Chinese [Ch'un-ch'iu]

648 Apr 6: solar eclipse recorded by Floruit of Archilochus

638-609: Josiah: King of Judah, instituted reforms, Deuteronomy (2nd Mosaic Law) found in Temple in 621, Book of Kings written [1 Kings 13, 2 Kings 22-23, 2 Ch 34-35]

625-605: Nabopolassar: Babylonian King, founded Chaldean Dynasty (625-539)

625-585: Cyaxares: Median King of western Iran, drove out Scythian invaders

621: Draco of Athens: wrote "Draconian Laws", death for most offenses

616-509: Etruscans of Tuscany invaded & ruled Rome as Tarquin Kings

614: Medes of western Iran sacked city of Ashur, Assyria

613: 1st recorded sighting of Halley's comet, by Chinese [Ch'un-ch'iu]

612: Ninevah destroyed by Chaldeans & Medes, end of Assyrian Empire (1363-612)

609-593: Pharaoh Necho II: regained Syro-Palestine & dethroned Jehoahaz of Judah & installed Jehoiakim as King [2 Kings 23]; attempted Nile to Red Sea canal; 1st recorded circumnavigation of Africa, by Phoenicians, took 3 years; defeated by Nebuchadnezzar II in 605 Battle of Carchemish on Euphrates

604-562: Nebuchadnezzar II: Babylonian King, Chaldean, son of Nabopolassar, in 598 dethroned Jehoiachin of Judah & installed Zedekiah who revolted with Eqyptian assistance in 590, in 586 conquered Jerusalem & destroyed Temple; Jews, Scrolls, Temple goods exiled to Babylon till Persian conquest of 538, Jeremiah fled to Egypt & died [2 Kings 25], in 573 conquered Tyre after 13 year siege, invaded Egypt in 568

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