Introduction to Chemistry
Donaghe
Strand I: Scientific Thinking and Practice
Standard I:
Understand the processes of scientific investigations
and use inquiry and scientific ways of observing, experimenting, predicting,
and validating to think critically.
9-12 Benchmark I:
Use accepted scientific methods to collect, analyze,
and interpret data and observations and to design and conduct scientific
investigations and communicate results.
1. Describe the essential components of an investigation,
including appropriate methodologies, proper equipment, and safety precautions.
2. Design and conduct scientific investigations.
3. Use appropriate technologies to collect, analyze, and
communicate scientific data (e.g., computers, calculators, balances, microscopes).
4. Convey results of investigations using scientific concepts,
methodologies, and expressions.
Benchmark II:
Understand that scientific processes produce scientific
knowledge that is continually evaluated, validated, revised, or rejected.
2. Use scientific reasoning and valid logic.
9-12 Benchmark III:
Use mathematical concepts, principles, and expressions
to analyze data, develop models, understand patterns and relationships,
evaluate findings, and draw conclusions.
1. Create multiple displays of data to analyze and explain
the relationships in scientific investigations.
4. Identify and apply measurement techniques and consider
possible effects of measurement errors.
5. Use mathematics to express and establish scientific
relationships (e.g., scientific notation, vectors, dimensional analysis).
Strand II: The Content of Science
Standard I (Physical Science):
Understand the structure and properties of matter, the
characteristics of energy, and the interactions between matter and energy.
9-12 Benchmark I:
Understand the properties, underlying structure, and
reactions of matter.
Properties of Matter
1. Classify matter in a variety of ways (e.g., element,
compound, mixture; solid, liquid, gas; acidic, basic, neutral).
2. Identify, measure, and use a variety of physical and
chemical properties (e.g., electrical conductivity, density, viscosity,
chemical reactivity, pH, melting point).
4. Describe trends in properties (e.g., ionization energy
or reactivity as a function of location on the periodic table, boiling
point of organic liquids as a function of molecular weight).
Structure of Matter
5. Understand that matter is made of atoms and that atoms
are made of subatomic particles.
6. Understand atomic structure.
7. Explain how electrons determine the properties of substances.
8. Make predictions about elements using the periodic
table (e.g., number of valence electrons, metallic character, reactivity,
conductivity, type of bond between elements).
10. Know that states of matter (i.e., solid, liquid, gas)
depend on the arrangement of atoms and molecules and on their freedom of
motion.
Chemical Reactions
12. Know that chemical reactions involve the rearrangement
of atoms, and that they occur on many timescales (e.g., picoseconds to
millennia).
13. Understand types of chemical reactions (e.g., synthesis,
decomposition, combustion, redox, neutralization) and identify them as
exothermic or endothermic.
14. Know how to express chemical reactions with balanced
equations.
15. Describe how the rate of chemical reactions depends
on many factors that include temperature, concentration, and the presence
of catalysts.
Strand II: The Content of Science
Standard I (Physical Science):
Understand the structure and properties of matter,
the characteristics of energy, and the interactions between matter and
energy.
9-12 Benchmark II:
Understand the transformation and transmission of
energy and how energy and matter interact.
Energy Transformation and Transfer
1. Identify different forms of energy, including kinetic,
gravitational (potential), chemical, thermal, nuclear, and electromagnetic.
2. Explain how thermal energy (heat) consists of the random
motion and vibrations of atoms and molecules and is measured by temperature.
3. Understand that energy can change from one form to
another (e.g., changes in kinetic and potential energy in a gravitational
field, heats of reaction, hydroelectric dams) and know that energy is conserved
in these changes. |