| During the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries, conflicts
between Protestants and Catholics in many European nations resulted in
wars for religious and political control.
Spain’s Conflicts
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King Philip II championed Catholic causes throughout his
lands, while England became the leader of Protestant nations of Europe.
Spain’s Militant Catholicism
King Philip II
Born: May 21, 1527, Palacio de Pimentel, Valladolid,
Spain
Died: September 13, 1598, El Escorial, Spain
The son of Holy Roman Emperor Charles V and Isabella of
Portugal, Spanish King Philip II was the greatest supporter of militant
Catholicism in the second half of the 1500s—he was known as the "Most Catholic
King."
In the late 15th and early 16th centuries, Spain reconquered
Muslim areas, expelled the Jews and fought to protect Catholicism.
Philip II inherited the kingdoms of Milan, Naples, Sicily,
the Netherlands, and its New World empire.
In one of his early victories, Spain sponsored the Holy
League against the Turks.
Bloody Mary Rules in England
Henry VIII's son and heir, King Edward VI (son of Jane
Seymour)
Born: October 12, 1537, Hampton Court Palace, Molesey,
United Kingdom
Died: July 6, 1553, Palace of Placentia
Edward VI, son of Henry VIII, was the King of England
and Ireland from January 28, 1547 until his death. He was crowned
on February 20, at the age of nine. Edward was England’s first monarch
to be raised a Protestant.
When Edward died of tuberculosis in 1553, his older half-sister,
Mary, ascended to the throne of England.
Mary, born September 1516, was Queen of England from July
1553 until her death in November 1558.
Mary Tudor was daughter of Henry VIII and Catherine of
Aragon, over whom Henry VIII broke ties with the Roman Catholic Church
in order to divorce. Catherine was the daughter of Ferdinand and
Isabella of Spain, “los reyes catolicos,” and the sister of Isabella of
Portugal, Philip II's mother. Philip and Mary, who was nine years
older, were first cousins.
Like her mother, Mary was a Catholic.
During her reign, she had more than 300 Protestants burned
as heretics, earning her the name “Bloody Mary.”
Marriage of Philip II of Spain and Mary I of England
Mary was the first queen regnant of England, reigning
suo
jure. On July 25, 1554, Mary married Philip II of Spain, making
him jure uxoris King of England and Ireland until her death.
When Philip II ascended to the throne of Spain in 1556,
Mary became queen consort of Habsburg Spain.
After Mary’s death in 1558, her re-establishment of Roman
Catholicism was reversed by her younger half-sister and successor, Elizabeth
I.
Elizabeth's father, Henry VIII, had divorced Philip's
aunt, Catherine—had even broke with the Catholic Church to annul their
marriage—in order to marry Elizabeth's mother.
Philip II lost the throne of England, but continued to
reign over Spain from 1556 until his death in 1598.
Resistance from the Netherlands
One of the richest parts of Philip’s empire, the Spanish
Netherlands consisted of the Netherlands and Belgium.
Philip’s attempts to strengthen his control over the region
caused resentment and opposition from the nobles of the Netherlands.
Philip tried to crush Calvinism in the Netherlands.
When violence erupted in 1566, Philip sent 10,000 troops.
The Eighty Years' War (1568-1648)
The Dutch were led by William the Silent,
the Prince of Orange.
Born: April 24, 1533, Dillenburg, Germany
Assassinated: July 10, 1584, Delft, Netherlands
In 1581 the United Provinces of the Netherlands achieved
their independence.
The war continued even after William's assassination,
until a 12-year truce ended the war, in favor of the Netherlands.
Protestantism in England
Under the rule of Elizabeth Tudor, who followed
her Catholic half-sister Mary Tudor to the throne as Elizabeth I,
England became the leader of the Protestant nations in Europe.
Queen Elizabeth repealed the laws favoring Catholics and
the Act of Supremacy named her as “the only supreme governor” of both her
country and the Church of England.
Elizabeth’s Church of England followed a moderate version
of Protestantism that kept most of her subjects satisfied.
She also followed a moderate foreign policy, attempting
to avoid war with either France or Spain by acting as a balance of power
between them.
Defeat of the Spanish Armada
In 1588, Philip II made preparations to send an armada
to invade Elizabeth's England.
armada
a fleet of warships
A successful invasion of England would mean an end to
Protestantism.
Unfortunately, Philip's invasion force was much smaller
than he'd hoped for.
The huge ships of the Spanish Armada were battered by
the smaller English battleships, and the hoped-for victory never came.
In order to escape, the fleet sailed north around Scotland
to Ireland, where it was pounded by storms and lost.
Scotland
Kingdom in northern Britain under domination of England
Ireland
The Celtic island west of Britain in perpetual rebellion
against England.
The Irish rescued many Spanish sailors on the west coast
of the island.
By the end of Philip's reign in 1588, Spain was no longer
the great power it once was.
REVIEW & DO
NOW
Answer the following questions in your spiral notebooks: |
Who was Philip II, and what was he King of?
Who were his parents?
What was his religion?
Who was Mary Tudor, and what was she queen of?
Who were her parents?
What was her religion?
Who succeeded her on the throne?
When were Philip and Mary married?
|
Who was William the Silent?
What was his religion?
What did he do?
Who was Elizabeth Tudor, and what was she queen of?
Who were her parents?
What was her religion?
What was her relationship to Philip and Mary? |
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The French Wars of Religion
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Conflict between Catholics and Protestants was at the heart
of the French Wars of Religion (1562-1598).
The French kings of the sixteenth century persecuted the
Protestants, but managed to do little to stop the spread of Protestantism.
Huguenots
The Huguenots were French Calvinists.
Calvinism was a very strict form of Protestant Christiantity.
40-50% of the French Nobility became Huguenots.
An extreme Catholic party, the Ultra-Catholics, strongy
opposed the Huguenots.
Large armies were recruited to fight and die.
The wars were as much about opposition to the power of
the French king as they were about his religion.
Henry IV and the Edict of Nantes
Henry of Navarre
The Hugenot political leader who succeeded to the throne
in 1589 to become King Henry IV of France.
Because he knew France would never accept a Protestant
king, he converted to Catholicism.
When he was crowned king in 1594, the fighting ended.
Edict of Nantes
The edict of Henry VI that recognized Catholicism as
the official reigion of France, but recognized the Huguenots had limited
rights to worship and participate in public affairs.
REVIEW & DO
NOW
Answer the following questions in your spiral notebooks: |
| When were the French Wars of Religion?
What was the majority religion of France?
Who were the Huegenots?
Who was Henry of Navarre?
What was his religion? |
Who was Henry IV?
What was his religion?
What was the Edict of Nantes? |
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