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| By the late nineteenth century, the Second Industrial
Revolution made the economies of most European nations even more productive.
Electricity and the internal-combustion engine transformed most of the
European world into industrialized societies. However, the transition was
not easy for workers. Many sought reform through trade unions or
socialism to improve their lives. |
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| During the nineteenth century, a vast number of people
migrated to cities. The increasing urban population led governments to
improve public health and sanitation services. Women began to advocate
for their rights, leisure time increased, and many Western governments
financed public education. |
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| During the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries,
democracy expanded in Western Europe, while the old order preserved authoritarianism
in central and eastern Europe. During this time, the United States recovered
from the Civil War and became the world’s richest nation. Meanwhile, international
rivalries began to set the stage for World War I. |
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| During the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries,
people moved toward a modern consciousness. Their changing worldview was
expressed in innovative art movements. Developments in the sciences also
changed how people saw themselves and their world. Some people took nationalism
to the extreme. They advocated Social Darwinism to justify the dominance
of Western nations. |
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| ENRICHMENT
EXCERCISE (.pdf)
Quiz 23:
Capitalism
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